“Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that interferes with the development of reading and writing. Individuals with dyslexia struggle with one or more of the following skills: sounding out unfamiliar words, reading words instantly, and/or spelling. The primary causes of dyslexia are genetic, neurobiological differences.

Dyslexia interferes with the development of reading and writing, which are the cornerstones of school success, independent living, and lifelong learning. Dyslexia is linked to neurobiological differences that affect how students learn to read and spell words. These differences usually include a core weakness in phonological processing. The signs of dyslexia look different depending on the language and writing system.

Individuals with dyslexia struggle with one or more of the following skills: sounding out unfamiliar words (decoding), reading words instantly, and/or spelling (encoding). The quality of reading instruction, family genetics, and other factors can influence the development of reading and writing skills for individuals with dyslexia. The challenges posed by dyslexia range from mild to severe.

Consequences of dyslexia include labored reading, poor reading comprehension, and/or poor written expression. Individuals with dyslexia may read less accurately and more slowly than other students their age. The effort required to recognize words may interfere with understanding the text. Expressing thoughts in writing is typically very difficult as well. These challenges may lead to difficulty with school assignments, avoidance of reading for pleasure, reduced experiences with text, and fewer opportunities to learn. Without proper remediation, these consequences can impede growth in language development, thinking skills, and knowledge. In turn, these problems can interfere with school success, self-esteem, peer relationships, and professional achievement.  

Dyslexia can present a significant barrier to learning. Dyslexia is not a result of low intelligence. Dyslexia can affect individuals of any ability, ranging from those who are academically gifted to those who have cognitive impairments. It can affect multilingual learners and students who speak any dialect. Dyslexia can occur along with other learning disorders. These include, but are not limited to, speech and language disorders, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder.

For some individuals with dyslexia, learning difficulties appear early in school, when they begin working with the alphabet. Students may experience unusual difficulty learning their letter names, learning phonics, sounding out words, and spelling words. Other individuals with dyslexia appear to read adequately in the early grades, but struggle to read longer, unfamiliar words confidently. These individuals may be identified with dyslexia later in elementary, middle, or high school.

Individuals with dyslexia will not become strong readers without accurate identification and specialized instruction to improve their reading and writing skills. They can benefit from intensive instruction at any age, from kindergarten through adulthood. Early intervention is most effective. Individuals with dyslexia may be identified as having a specific learning disability that requires specialized instruction. Dyslexia identification laws vary between states. Individuals with dyslexia may require accommodations in education, post-secondary training, and employment to demonstrate their full potential.

Parents can help their dyslexic child build confidence by noticing and developing their strengths. Professionals with dyslexia expertise can help parents understand their child’s learning profile of strengths and weaknesses to provide a foundation for setting instructional goals. Dyslexia can be highly treatable if it is properly identified, and if appropriate intervention is provided by a thoroughly trained instructor.”

“Dyslexia is a specific learning disability characterized by difficulties in word reading and/or spelling that involve accuracy, speed, or both and vary depending on the orthography. These difficulties occur along a continuum of severity and persist even with instruction that is effective for the individual’s peers.

The causes of dyslexia are complex and involve combinations of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental influences that interact throughout development. Underlying difficulties with phonological and morphological processing are common but not universal, and early oral language weaknesses often foreshadow literacy challenges.

Secondary consequences include reading comprehension problems and reduced reading and writing experience that can impede growth in language, knowledge, written expression, and overall academic achievement. Psychological well-being and employment opportunities also may be affected. Although identification and targeted instruction are important at any age, language and literacy support before and during the early years of education is particularly effective.”